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The reason I am rephrasing your question is because the baptism of the Holy Spirit is essential to salvation. So, theoretically, if someone could lose the baptism of the Holy Spirit, that person could also lose his or her salvation.
People often confuse the "second blessing" or the "filling" of the Holy Spirit with the baptism of the Holy Spirit. The apostle Paul was clear that this baptism is the process by which salvation takes place: "For we are all baptized by one Spirit into one body--whether Jews or Greeks, slave or free--and we were all given the one Spirit to drink" (1 Cor. 12:13). Since this action of baptism refers applies to "all," then it follows that all who receive Jesus Christ by faith for salvation are baptized by the Holy Spirit into the body of Christ.
By the way, Paul was merely reflecting what Jesus said to Nicodemus: "Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit. You should not be surprised at my saying, 'You must be born again.' The wind blows wherever it pleases. You hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going. So it is with everyone born of the Spirit" (John 3:6-8).
Back to your original question. Can someone lose the baptism of the Holy Spirit? The answer depends on whether or not you believe it is possible to lose your salvation. I don't believe that is possible (although some would disagree with me). So, if you can't lose what God has made possible through the person and work of Christ, then you can't lose the baptism of the Spirit.
Comments
We must define the terms, as there are overlapping questions. Regarding baptism, there is water baptism, and Holy Spirit baptism. When you ask if someone can lose the Holy Spirit, I agree with Mr. Jantz’s response completely. If you’re referring to water baptism, referred to as the John’s Baptism, ref. Matthew 21:25, was a baptism of confession and repentance for forgiveness of sin and preparation for the coming Messiah.
Matthew 3:5-6, “People went out to him from Jerusalem and all Judea and the whole region of the Jordan. Confessing their sins, they were baptized by him in the Jordan River.”
Mark 1:4-5, “And so John came, baptizing in the desert region and preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. The whole Judean countryside and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him. Confessing their sins, they were baptized by him in the Jordan River.”
Again, the scriptures are abundantly clear, that water baptism is an external act subsequent to salvation that symbolizes the death, burial and resurrection, and the internal spiritual cleansing or clean conscience resulting of faith in Christ.
Roman 6:4 “We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life.”
1 Peter 3:20-22 “who disobeyed long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, and this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a good conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who has gone into heaven and is at God's right hand—with angels, authorities and powers in submission to him.
On the topic of Holy Spirit baptism, many of our fellow Pentecostal and Charismatic brethren do not reach the same conclusion. While some teach that Holy Spirit baptism is essential to and necessary for salvation, I believe the majority teach Holy Spirit baptism is subsequent to, and a result of salvation, but is nonetheless necessary for the believer to live a holy life, empowered of service.
In any instance, this is where most reformed and other mainline evangelicals and our Pentecostal and Charismatic brethren likely disagree. Is the Holy Spirit baptism a subsequent experience to Salvation? Or is God’s free gift of salvation through faith in Christ complete and all sufficient? Does simple faith in Christ provide all we need to live victorious Christian lives and empower us for service?
The question you must settle for yourself is “Can salvation be lost?” If salvation can be lost, what assurance do we ever really have? That would be a very fickle and arbitrary grace, if it could be called grace at all. And if living holy can earn us eternal life, then what need do we have of Christ’s sacrificial and substitutionary atonement? My point is, if I can lose my salvation, then what good is getting re-baptized, water or otherwise, every time I get re-saved? If I can’t lose my salvation, then again re-baptism becomes a mute point.